mineral waters: what drink
George Pitzalis
pediatrician Nutritionist
of Scientific www.giustopeso.it
In nature, water is not are never pure but are saline solutions in varying concentrations. The so-called water mineralization occurs during the underground movement (both superficial and deep) and with saline ¬ held depends on the type of contact, more or less prolonged, with the rocks. Although All drinking water contains minerals, the law allows you to call "mineral water" ¬ tively excluding those waters that "have special hygienic and beneficial properties to health" due to the presence of particular minerals and trace elements. In particular, it is forbidden to any treatment healing mineral water, which must already be "healthy" bottled at the source and flows to the source. Mineral waters can be classified according to their fixed residue (RF), or the total amount of salts contained in one liter of water evaporated at 180 ° C. The slightly mineralized waters (within 50 mg / l) represent approximately 19% of commercial mineral waters in Italy and are some ¬ what have the lowest salt content. These waters results in an increased diuresis and find their main indication in patients with urinary tract stones. This type of water can be recommended to all those in need of a diet low in sodium, such as in patients with hypertension. Then there are mineral waters (50-500 mg / l), representing 56% of Italian bottled waters, favors ¬ scone diuresis and are specifically indicated in the prevention of kidney stones. These waters play antispasmodic action on the muscles of the urinary tract, which he associated with the company ¬ mechanical data by the passage of liquid to be expelled any calculations. The mineral waters are used in pediatrics for the reconstitution of milk powder because it does not change the salt content of the milk itself. The average mineral water (500-1500 mg / l) account for 25% of water on the market. They have characteristics between the average inter ¬ mineral waters and the most mineralized, in relation to the dry residue: Most of this water is rich in calcium and bicarbonate ions. Finally there are the waters rich in minerals. Only 11% of commercial mineral waters are part of this group and are waters that exceed the maximum allowable residue limits provided by law for the com ¬ its drinking water. Not recommended for daily consumption of are usually used for the purpose tera ¬ peutic for the high presence of sodium sulfate, potassium, magnesium and other salts. Their use should be under medical supervision to avoid the appearance of side effects such as for exam ¬ ple purgative action or risk in hypertension. In connection with the ¬ held carbon dioxide should be noted that all waters are considered "natural" because bottled spring as the source. The mineral water is called "flat" is defined invest ¬ ce "added" when you added a variable number of non-carbon dioxide from the same source. The naturally sparkling water is flowing from the source, the quantity of carbon dioxide equal to or greater than 250 mg / l. The carbonated water quench best in anesthetize the nerve endings of the oral mucosa, however, are to be contraindicated in individuals who follow low-calorie diets because the carbon dioxide stimulates the secretion and gastric motility by reducing the sense of satiety induced by food. They also cause bloating especially in those predisposed to intestinal fermentation. The mineral waters are also classified on the basis of the predominant substances in their composition saline. The bicarbonate. They are mostly water and calcium bicarbonate. Aid digestion and accelerate gastric emptying if drunk during the meal as baking soda tends to decrease the acidity in the duodenum favoring the action of pancreatic enzymes. ¬ depth buffers the gastric acid if taken on an empty stomach. Calcium gives a pleasant taste. These waters are ideal during the growing period and adulthood as a preventive strategy osteotomy ¬ porous because they contribute significantly all'intake daily calcium ions in the form ¬ ca and easily absorbed. The bicarbonate and calcium are shown in hepatobiliary disease, in par ¬ ticular in hepatic and biliary dyskinetic phenomena. Sulphate waters are not recommended during development because the sulfate can interfere with calcium absorption. These waters are slightly laxative (those with high concentrations of magnesium ¬ tion) and exert a relaxing effect on smooth muscle and gall. Therefore are given in hepatobiliary disease and spastic colitis. The chlorinated water have a characteristic chemical and physical interest: their composition is similar to that of organic liquids derived from this feature and their basic properties. The chlorinated water should act balancing the activities of IN ¬ intestine, biliary tract and liver. There are no contraindications for chlorine, but the combination of chlorine and sodium almost always makes the water unsuitable for people suffering from hypertension. Moreover, they are also not recommended in various forme di disturbi renali. Le acque calciche sono indi¬cate per le malattie epatiche e gastriche e soprattutto per coloro che non bevono latte o amano poco i latticini, in particolare per le donne in gravidanza o in menopausa e per i bambini. Diverse abitudini di vita spingono ad eliminare o ridurre dall'alimentazione i prodot¬ti derivati del latte, come ad esempio i formaggi, sia per motivi legati all'intolleranza o all'iperco¬lesterolemia sia per l'esigenza di ridurre l'apporto calorico. Ecco perché ci si trova spesso di fronte a gruppi di popolazione carenti di calcio. L'uso di acque minerali calciche o bicarbonato-calciche aiuta a raggiungere un adeguato intake quotidiano di calcio, senza alcun apporto calorico e senza com¬promettere la salute. The waters have mainly been magnesium purgative action, but also found in the preven ¬ tion indication dell'arterosclerosi because, as those containing lithium or potassium, induced a significant dilation of the arteries. In the course of magnesium deficiency is established that a deficiency syndrome can be characterized by anxiety, stomach cramps, dizziness, headache and fatigue that has been called "syndrome of neuronal hyperexcitability. The fluorinated water are defined as having a fluorine content higher than 1 mg / l and should therefore be worn for limited periods or cycles in order to avoid the risk of fluorosis. In fact, fluoride has an important protective role to dental caries, but an excess can lead to fluorosis, which is manifested by interference with stains on the teeth and the bone mineral ¬ tion. The use of these waters is not recommended for continuous periods in children for the prevention of dental caries and in pregnant women, because the first impression of the tooth is formed already in the fetus. Ferruginous waters are shown in iron-deficiency anemia, as supplements to treat martial. In the mineral iron is found either in the form of "ferric" little assorbibi ¬, that in a "ferrous" more bioavailable. The use of these waters is not recommended in patients with gastroduodenitis. Finally, for the high sodium water sodium concentration (> 200 mg / I), are contraindicated in hypertensive subjects, which must instead use water with a sodium content of <20 mg/I, e nei sog¬getti che seguono una dieta a ridotto contenuto di sale. Il pericolo per le acque in genere e in particolare per le acque minerali è costituito dalla pre¬senza di quantità eccessive di nitrati: il grado di inquinamento da nitrati è in continuo aumento. I nitra¬ti, ultima fase di ossidazione dell'azoto, costituiscono un indice di inquinamento che può essere di natu¬ra organica, dovuto alle deiezioni animali, oppure di tipo inorganico, proveniente dagli insediamenti indu¬striali (piogge acide ricche di ossidi di azoto), ma soprattutto dai fertilizzanti azotati usati in agricoltura. Il limite massimo fissato è di 25 mg/I per le donne e <10 mg/I per i lattanti: valori superiori possono provocare nei neonati la metaemoglobi¬nemia. E' bene quindi dare preferenza ad acque con bassi valori di nitrati, specialmente se sono destinate a neonati o a donne in gravidanza. Insomma dire acqua spesso non basta anche se rimane valido l’invito di berne 2-2,5 litri ogni giorno.
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