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Rationalization and modern society

According to Max Weber's society is the result of a process of rationalization . This is a phenomenon (typically Western, but non solo) che interessa ogni ambito della vita culturale: il diritto, l'economia, l'arte, la religione, la politica e la scienza e che vede la razionalità affermarsi come unico criterio di interpretazione del mondo.
Weber ha trattato in molti passaggi delle sue opere il tema della razionalizzazione ma, a detta degli studiosi, è soprattutto nell' Osservazione preliminare e nella Considerazione intermedia contenute nei tre volumi della Sociologia della religione (1920-21) che possiamo trovare la trattazione più chiara di questo tema cruciale.
Weber, fondamentalmente, vuole refutare la concezione materialistica della storia, con la sua celebre tesi su struttura e sovrastruttura. The rationale that led to modern society, for Marx, is essentially linked to the social relations of production , the practice, which is linked to economic interests, expression of the mode of production with which men control and organize the reproduction of their material existence. For Weber, however, the rationale that led to modern society is not simply an economic rationality guided by the imperative of reproducing such material. The process that led to the current social organization takes instead moves much farther in time, particularly in monotheistic religions, Judaism and Christianity in particular (but also myths). The monotheistic religions, in fact, represent a liberation from magic and then "rationalized" - meaning they make more "rational" - the relationship between the believer and the divine. Just think of the preaching of the prophets, to what Jesus says about the miracles or the famous episode in the Acts of the Apostles, of Simon Magus. The rationalization process
then begins with a disenchantment of the world, that is when the spell is broken, specifically with the transition from a conception of a magical kind of mythological concept (which is already a form of "enlightenment ", ie anti-magical explanation of the world and then to rationalize, as they understood Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno in Dialectic of Enlightenment ). In Sociology of religion read that "this great historical and religious process of disenchantment ( Entzauberung der Welt ) ... that rejected all magical means in search of salvation as superstition considering criminal, found here [ in Protestantism] to its conclusion. " So the disenchantment is the beginning, not the end as it is still written in many textbooks, while the process of rationalization is ongoing.
In the modern world is in fact finished the 'spell', which literally means "Bind" someone or something through the recitation of incantations, by imposing its will or taking away one's own. Oracles, wizards, warlocks, shamans, sorcerers, astrologers, alchemists, fortune tellers are the typical representatives of a religious pre-rationalized, expression of the attempt to dominate nature, to bend the laws by subjecting them to human demands (with formulas, rituals, sacrifices also human, etc.).. In the book of the prophet Isaiah, God addresses the people of Israel, "my thoughts are not your thoughts / and your ways are not my ways" (Isaiah 55:8). This means that the God of the Bible does not agree to be affected by human demands and folded. He is absolutely free and acts independently of all human attempts to propitiate magically, with ritual sacrifices or prayers, his benevolence. This lays the groundwork for the expulsion of the religious experience of the world (asceticism) and makes that the only plausible picture of the world becomes its scientific representation, based on a causal mechanism devoid of purpose.
This means that in the modern world has now reached a point beyond which you can not produce a further disenchantment. " But that does not mean that the old forces, gods and demons have been defeated forever. This was rather the pretext of Comte and the positivists, who ended up transforming science into religion secular modern world. But science produces a sense of desert, while the man remains a need for "effects of meaning" and therefore be, at least in part, "reincantato. This explains the strong contemporary charmer for compensation esoteric (masonry, sects, cults, neo-pagans, etc..), The return of religions, available in more dogmatic and uncompromising (and fundamentalists), the importance of emotional-affective measures (for es. love) and traditional (rituals, etc..) nevertheless takes place in a streamlined cosmos, the subject of calculations and predictions of instrumental rationality.
emerges as a new reincantamento the world that Weber describes as "polytheistic" that is a real revenge of the old gods and demons - that becomes our postmodern ethos. The paradox is that it is streamlining itself to give ourselves to a world populated by multiple and irreducible sense of values \u200b\u200bto each other (the one that Schmitt rejected as "tyranny of values" ), because now everyone decides for itself how to give meaning their lives ( cultural pluralism), also with religions "do it yourself."
In this sense we can say that Weber was the last of the first of the modern and postmodern, and this is where lies its current depth.

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We

Sandro Bondi next Nobel Prize for Courage (if there is not invent it) does not show up before the scale to avoid (if all goes well) a shower of insults. The superintendent Stephane Lissner (communist too?) Gets along well with a beat of a subtlety and a caustic Agnelliana (from Gianni Agnelli). Gelmini discharging to a wheelbarrow of manure directly on our doorstep. In the weeks or months in the past Gianni Letta (which someone seems the least bad) he gets boos and insults Aquila. The "best of the fig tree tubs" occurs in the deep Veneto League and he gets despite insults and boos si sia portato dietro il capo della Lega come salvacondotto. Siamo al punto in cui “ l’uomo della provvidenza “ ormai può parlare liberamente solo nei conclave dei cerebrolesi che a lui si sono consacrati e votati …. a prescindere . E citiamo solo i casi che la memoria , ormai preda dell’Alzheimer, ci consentono.
Sono ,però, segni dei tempi , e siccome i segni rappresentano pure qualcosa bisognerà trarre qualche considerazione, pur senza essere sociologi, psicologi, analisti , o il Gustave Le Bon del 3° millennio che riscrive “La Psicologia delle Folle” .
Ordunque quali auspici trarre? Avendo un’ età tale da aver vissuto e mnemonizzato una serie di eventi passati We can say that not even the end of the "first republic" had a full outline of objections to 360 ° as is happening with the current, deceased government. At the bottom of the first republic "became extinct" with the coins dropped in 93 to Craxi. It 's true that this was just the final step of a long agony made set of handcuffs in the news, of prosecutors (finally) were able to exercise all their functions freely, but nothing compares to the opinion that the public (or the people, if you like) has against the current ruling class. Unfortunately 17 years have passed since then but it's as if they had passed 170 (but counter-clockwise). In the meantime the "presdelcons lasts until" could influence public opinion so as to allow any one they like, through the mechanisms that we know mass media and the plethora of whores regime that surrounds it and that makes him the lackeys through television, newspapers and so on. To be very clear that there is no doubt, given the priority activity of the subjects we are dealing with, we specify that the term "whores of the regime" is not intended to relate only to those who practice commercial sex, rather than s selling brains, dignity and principles in exchange for a prebend any or some of that money, we hope, will spend the short in drugs to treat dysentery.
Coming back to the original is almost instinctive to think of a "deja vu" or maybe just an auspicious attempt to delude themselves that this country of ... chocolate, which celebrated until recently the leader of "ghe I think, may have finally broke his balls and has seen fit to send him to occupy one of the many vacant houses in Antigua, free in the end of the trumpet (so to speak ...) all the sluts they like without having to account to anyone. Meanwhile, expect
December 14 that although we know not the date for the scheme will, however, a further step towards the end of a sistema politico per tutti, nessuno escluso. (Bersani… Ci sei ? Sei connesso? E tu Vendola pure? )
Intanto riflettiamo su due questioni di questi giorni . Denis Verdini , indagato per corruzione dichiara ( salvo poi precisare , smentire, ritrattare, puntualizzare) che: “"Sappiamo delle prerogative del Quirinale, ma politicamente ce ne freghiamo…” e intanto Giorgio Napolitano è l’unico uomo politico che può permettersi di attraversare serenamente “lo stivale” raccogliendo solo applausi e consensi.
L’altra , abbiamo dovuto aspettare che arrivasse un Galantuomo di nome Daniel Barenboim, nato a Buenos Aires da genitori russi di origine ebraica a leggere davanti al mondo Full Article 9 of the Italian Constitution to remind politicians that they have sworn on the same ones who are their duties.
these will also be signs of the times?

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Anomia Italian: the breaking of social ties on the birth of sociology

Stumble this article appeared yesterday on the Republic. This is an interview with Marco Revelli, historian, sociologist and political scientist, author of the recent essay Poor, we (Einaudi 2010), which explores the end of the social bond and the "organic solidarity" we have learned studying Durkheim, and the return of feudal relations of subordination ("The individual unsure of its position and fearful of its bankruptcy protection and has asked the power in power ... loyalty is likely to abdicate your status as a citizen and a return to passivity of the subject ").

I bring to your consideration, because here it comes at the end of you especially - the "slaughtered" by this "anomie" - and your future .

are middle-class workers and young people, the new poor in Italy. The situation is worse for all, worse than all 'beginning of the eighties when there were six million people in poverty. Today not only are at least two million more, but - according to Istat in 2008 - the Italians knocked out by an unforeseen € seven hundred nineteen million, more than one third of the population. Just put us so bad, we who belong to the "big ones"? It is a picture of ' Italia reale, stridente nell' asprezza dei numeri con il racconto "apologetico" del potere, Poveri, noi , il breve saggio di Marco Revelli in uscita oggi da Einaudi (pagg. 128, euro 10). Il politologo, alla guida negli ultimi tre anni della Commissione d'indagine sull'esclusione sociale, racconta un Bel Paese più povero e molto più cattivo. Usa una metafora: come Gregor Samsa, il protagonista del celebre racconto di Kafka, anche noi un giorno ci siamo svegliati e ci siamo ritrovati irriconoscibili. Non solo delle canaglie con gli "ultimi" della piramide sociale che è meglio spingere sempre più in basso, meglio ancora se "fuori". Ormai con un'inedita ferocia we treat a bit 'all' others', those who for various reasons are worse off than us-in the workplace as well as a family.
Professor Revelli, she raises doubts about the "magnificent and progressive" in this country so full of symbols of a 'too ostentatious opulence. It will not be catastrophic?
"These are numbers and facts, statistics and news stories that expose the blatantly 'extreme fragility of our economic, social and even moral. Not only are we growing, but on a tilting dangerously towards backwardness. We live in a state of general malaise that disrupts the tissue Social, producing a break in the chain of relations, ties, the most basic mechanisms of solidarity. The effects are very serious about the quality and future of our democracy. "
crisis bites on the wings also previously regarded as relatively "strong" labor market: the middle class. Who are these new poor?
'social figures are alien to the "culture of poverty" that - for lifestyle, interests, friendships, professional relationships, family patterns - all belong to the effects of a middle class that are considered "secured" against the risk of downgrading and even more so of 'impoverishment'.
Take some examples.
'C' is the engineer of 'Eutelia (formerly Olivetti) at the highest level of professionalism that had a high income and finds himself "made the move." There are many employees of the industries, the "pictures" suddenly free technical advice, small and medium sized retailers squeezed by supermarkets. All safe until the other day with their standard of life, and now in serious trouble. And then there are women, and also graduated with a respectable professional position, forced to change radically if we found life alone - after a separation, which is very common. They are women who often have children, pay a baby sitter, and maybe even a mortgage or car payments ... There will be "technically" poor, but theirs is a difficult condition, as usually disguised.
are anything but poor "hidden" young, robbed of the present and future. She writes that have been "massacred". Are not you afraid that the term is too strong?
"No, because they often are the sacrificial victims of the decline of our country. Here the numbers speak for: 's 80 per cent of the jobs lost between 2008 and 2010 on young people, those who had come to last in the labor market, through the broken door of the contracts atypical in the long term administration, project ... Precarious development, unemployment in the crisis, without the cover of cushions, often without even a minimum income. The decision to focus exclusively on the layoff has opened an umbrella on fathers, but leaving out the children, easily licensable at no cost. The more educated and highly skilled, those who belong to the "cognitive world", new professions such as IT, are now reduced to the underclass. "
Then there is the scandal of poverty among large families, 40 percent concentrated in the South many children who are in Italy today and tomorrow will have nothing adults at risk?
"The Country of the Family Day has the sad privilege of having the highest rate of child poverty of the European Union. A nailed to a 25 per cent Eurostat said that as a minor in four lives in a family very uncomfortable, and that in this country do more than two children is a curse. "
What slamming in his face - uncomfortably - the statistics of the poor?
"The reality of a country that limps and hallucinatory illusion of a virtual country from the top floors. In the middle, between the tips of the scissors, they find fertile ground and poisons the frustrations, resentments and grudges, made the moral and material failures, the loneliness and crises of identity that have scarred the Italian social anthropology. The hardening of the national character and spread as a collective feeling of envy. The intolerance of the fragility of the weak, the tolerance for defects of the powerful. Entire repertoire of ingredients that have fed the flames populist, the "territorial tribalism as a form of compensation, but also the quieter waves of" exodus "from politics and public space."
With what effect on the quality of Italian democracy?
"democratic principles are deeply eroded in a country where hope falls into the mechanism of redistribution of income and it seems impossible to tap into the wealth of the lucky few, where the poor will remain poor and a substantial proportion of the population ceases to consider publicly guaranteed their desire for a dignified life. The individual unsure of its position and fearful of its bankruptcy protection and has asked the power to power fidelity. Today this evil trade fills the void left by the claims, but neither the discretion of the various holders of power or the devotion of the servants belonging to the state of democracy. Without a clear signal for halt to this drift, which implies a tough comparison with the current ruling class, there is a danger to the abdication of his status as a citizen and a return to passivity of the subject. "

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One of the problems that often occur with the study of sociology in high school sociopsicopedagogico is that, unfortunately, the program is "out of step" with respect to that of a student of history and the third is is often in trouble when he hears talk of the great transformations of the eighteenth century. The temptation is to not complicate life too much to ignore, and then one of the central questions of sociology, namely: because there is this science? and what's the point? Many of you will be asked if you (and maybe you will be given the typical student response: because we are the study). But I think it is very important to answer this question and leave no room for doubt demotivating. Study the company in a rigorous, scientific, is to see what others can not see, not unlike the study of neutrinos, the quarks and bosons.

remember, we talked about it a bit 'in the classroom, in the first lesson, with reference to Adam Smith and the revolutionary concept of "civil society" - though not exactly introduced by Adam Smith but by Adam Ferguson, a Another major Scottish Enlightenment of the mid-eighteenth century, author of the famous Essay on the history of civil society (1767).

La questione, comunque, è presente in molti studi introduttivi alla sociologia. Uno dei più importanti sociologi italiani, Franco Ferrarotti, la formula così:

La sociologia è... scienza in senso pieno. Ma perché questa scienza sorge e si afferma storicamente in concomitanza con la società industriale, vale a dire verso la metà del XVIII secolo? .

La risposta è che una scienza non è altro che un'impresa umana che cerca di dare una risposta precisa, rigorosa, a determinati bisogni umani. Si tratta allora di comprendere a quali bisogni umani rispondeva la "scienza della società", la sociologia .
Quello che should be clear is that modern society was founded by political revolutions (American and French) at the end of '700 and a massive restructuring of mode of production (Marx docet), the industrial revolution, is a company that can no longer rely on tradition as a criterion of understanding of what it does. It 'a bourgeois society, economy, based on action and on the individual, that needs to be understood in a radically different way from how you included the company based on a pre-industrial mode of production and backed by (Louis XIV: "I am the State") and tradition.
Enlightenment first and then push the company positivism on the road to rationalization in the sense that believes that only science can provide answers to legitimate human needs (Comte docet). And then, as there is a natural science (physics, chemistry, biology ...) explaining the laws of natural phenomena, there must be a science of society which explains the laws of phenomena related to human life in society ( Durkheim: social facts ). A traditional society, based eg. on religious beliefs, refuse a "science of society" because these companies can not be rationally investigate, and then put in question the beliefs religious attitudes and moral issues (the right, good, etc...)
There is also another thing to consider, especially with very clear that Tocqueville: sociology is born when you are movements, groups, associations, institutions and organizations that can not be traced to the political sphere, the sphere state. Think of the industry (see Saint-Simon), trade unions, the movement of workers, students, women, journalists and the public at large: they can not be attributed to the state . Civil society are , ie they are self than what we call state.
is then that we understand because it comes sociology: all these movements, groups, institutions, etc.. is an autonomous object of investigation and, as writes Ferrarotti, a science is born when an autonomous object of investigation, when it sees clearly that there is an autonomous sphere of society than to the state. In a feudal society, writes Ferrarotti,

where there is only next to the noble peasant, for his psychology, for the monotone function, individual, unrelated to its action, it is neither organized nor organized in a class, there is no civil society, this comes when the classes are born in the modern sense, ie classes of citizens, organized, self-conscious, because each individual feels daily the feelings and interests that bind him to others and the need for joint action to achieve common goals. With the rise of social class in the modern sense arises therefore civil society and with it the breakdown of traditional forms of religious or naturalistic study of man and society and the new settings such research on a strictly empirical. Hence, the sociology and acting as a first problem arises that the awareness of the new classes had as more pressing: the problem of inequality of man.

The songs I mentioned are from What is society? Franco Ferrarotti (Carocci 2003).

Whats An Anime Like Ouran?

Quiet Man is the one that did not wake up this morning with the anguish of knowing what will reveal about him Wikileaks
Quiet Man is what he did 24 hours straight between coach and all the rest to be in Rome to cry that this country is still alive
Quiet Man is the one in Rome yesterday reviewed once again the most beautiful and vital part of this country
Quiet Man is aware of how best to move 24 hours of his time with a guy who works in a continuous cycle at 40 ° C in a glass factory to be in Rome and took a day of holiday ... because he is lucky to have a permanent job (which many others would like) but at Palazzo Grazioli not even know it exists and what it represents in terms of effort and sacrifice
Quiet Man is the one that still gets excited to hear the Modena City Ramblers Hello Bella playing along with hundreds of thousands of people, including Camusso
Quiet Man is what he knows to leave for tomorrow, get 11 hours of work, and yet the only problem that arises is whether or not it will snow
Quiet Man is what had prepared a five-year rule of shit, and perhaps have a reduced sentence
Quiet Man is aware that tomorrow can stop the Finance, the Police, the Carabinieri, or who the fuck you want and can say to them with a smile because it has nothing to hide in the cupboards except some old-fashioned tie
Quiet Man is one who knows that in his life, there are minors and sluts or both categories that can tell anyone of their homes or businesses in the institutional buildings
Quiet Man is one who respects life but also the choice of everyone to surrender when we do not deem worth living
Man quiet is what you talk about in front of the TG that the openings of the church on contraception if they soundly beat the balls because that is not the center of power its ideal reference
Quiet Man is the one that still manages to get angry in front of so many demonstrations of barbarism and of dullness painted green Po
Quiet Man is what he has done his words when Enrico Berlinguer said: We are convinced that the world, this terrible, intricate world of today can be known, understood, processed, and put to serve man , of \u200b\u200bits welfare, his happiness. The struggle for this goal is a test that can fill a life with dignity.

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Quiet Man must consume slowly this dark ...

"It must be consumed slowly this darkness. Meanwhile, back to you to read books. To give them words. Rivers of words and thoughts. They read, without pause, make them even burst read and punctuation. Commas, periods, semicolons, exclamation points and, finally, question marks. Question marks. Some serious question in the silence of their rooms, at the bottom residue of the soul will begin to have it. All. At that point, you'll see, the battle will be won because the protest will not be a stream, a season, but the skin covering them. Then you rip vagliela ...".

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work devalued

Add a note to the passage of the Manuscripts of Marx by publishing an excerpt from the book of Marco Panara, disease in the West. Because the work is no longer needed .

look again your thoughts and comments, this time free of questions "scolastiche", perché la questione affrontata in questo importante studio è davvero urgente, soprattutto per chi, come voi, tra non molto dovrà fare i conti con questa "malattia".

Da La malattia dell´Occidente di Marco Panara , pubblicato da Laterza (2010).

Mettere insieme declino del valore del lavoro e peggioramento della qualità della democrazia non è una forzatura. Perché c´è un rapporto diretto tra lavoro e democrazia, un rapporto storico e biunivoco talmente forte che ne rende paralleli i destini.
La democrazia ateniese era fatta di uomini liberi e di schiavi, ove la democrazia era appannaggio dei primi e il lavoro era riservato ai secondi. La democrazia moderna è invece il frutto di un lunghissimo processo di liberazione del lavoro. Per molti secoli l´esperienza ateniese è stata cancellata, non solo nella realtà politica ma anche nel progetto, semplicemente non considerata tra le opzioni non solo possibili ma neanche auspicabili. A tirare fuori quel modello dalla sua cristallizzata classicità è stato il lentissimo e intermittente itinerario attraverso il quale il lavoro ha sciolto le sue catene. Un millennio e mezzo dopo Atene, sono stati nelle città gli artigiani e i mercanti, a volte diventati anche banchieri, a conquistarsi uno spazio economico e, a partire in Italia dai Comuni, anche politico. Una democrazia a few, corporate, closer to that of Athens in its elitism than to the modern, but with the difference that the age of Pericles was the key to winning work, shop, trade (while the agricultural labor remained servile).
work opening up a space first, an initial crack nell'assolutismo. Through it emerges a new class that is not a child of war nor of land ownership, which has its own economic autonomy, its own dynamism and begins to create its own political space: in some places, at certain times, not everywhere and all 'but steadily, but the first step with which the work opens a space for political participation. They will spend more centuries of absolutism, but that seed will germinate and slowly bourgeois revolutions its (...)
is the loss of value of work, is the new poverty, one that advances in industrialized countries, two factors closely related to each other that are tearing that relationship is vital for democracy that the link between the work and rights. The job insecurity and its impoverishment in itself contain the threat, and often the prospect or the reality of poverty, which threatens widespread acceptance makes it work without rights. The need, or fear of poverty, leads to barter a bit 'income with the waiver of the rights attached to work and this will automatically lose us back in time, pre-democratic era, when work was alone and just sweat in exchange for (little) money. The conclusion which comes Nadia Urbinati is that "the association of labor law can not be considered as an option which you can do without, but is in effect a factor of democratic stability."
poverty, fear of poverty, separation from the labor rights, the return to a conception of work and brute survival tied to threaten democracy itself. But this is not the only threat. There is another mirror attached to this deal quale useremo la chiave proposta da un altro studioso, un economista politico questa volta, Michele Salvati.
Nel suo libro Capitalismo, mercato e democrazia (Il Mulino 2009), Salvati analizza il rapporto tra democrazia e capitalismo e postula che senza capitalismo, ovvero senza proprietà e mercato, la democrazia non ci può essere, e che però il capitalismo contrasta con la democrazia. La sua conclusione è che una buona democrazia è in grado di tenere a bada le tendenze peggiori del capitalismo. E il punto è proprio questo: perché una democrazia sia ‘buona´, e sia quindi in grado di contenere le forze che tenderebbero naturalmente a conculcarla, bisogna che ci siano interessi diffusi in grado di bilanciare quelli forti.
(…) I valori e le tendenze che si contrappongono nella dinamica di una società democratica sono quella egualitaria e quella elitaria o oligarchica, e il braccio di ferro avviene tra gli interessi – o i poteri – forti (oligarchici) e quelli diffusi (egualitari). Posto che a dare forza agli interessi forti è l´efficienza (fino ad un certo punto) del capitalismo nel creare ricchezza e benessere, cosa la dà agli interessi – o poteri – diffusi? La risposta è: il lavoro, il valore sociale ed economico del lavoro.
La discussione che ha portato alla formulazione dell´articolo 1 della Costituzione italiana è illuminante. A sollevare la questione inclusion of the concept of work is the Catholic Giorgio La Pira, who on October 16, 1946 through the work of a subcommittee of the Constituent Assembly proposes the following article: "Work is the foundation of the entire social structure, and its participation in appropriate areas of economic, social and political condition of the new democratic character is "(...).
Democracy and work are intertwined and therefore the mission of the work, as the foundation of democracy is to give her the strength to be 'good', to be a good democracy.

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Sociological Laboratory, 4: Alexis de Tocqueville

depersonalization, flattening of tastes, leveling delle coscienze, volgarità diffusa: così Tocqueville vede la democrazia, esito di una "tirannia della maggioranza" , ovvero di una massa anonima in balia degli stessi gusti e della moda, alla ricerca solo dell'apparenza mondana e del benessere materiale a tutti i costi.

Va subito precisato che per Tocqueville in politica il principio formale di maggioranza va rispettato . Si tratta però di un principio formale, non materiale: ciò che va respinto è invece i l potere tirannico della maggioranza , perché esso annulla le libertà dell'individuo. Il "nuovo tiranno", cioè la maggioranza, minaccia la sfera spirituale, perché fa get this message across to the "different", who does not conform to his power: "If you do not want to feed my own thoughts and my own tastes, you can do: Do \u200b\u200bnot be put to death, or you will lose your rights as a citizen. But these rights will be useless because if you aspire to be elected by your fellow citizens, they will reject you, and you will escape as an impure and be extravagant. You are different from the majority: it does not recognize you, your life was saved, but is worse of death. "
In light of these pages from Democracy in America, discuss Tocqueville's reflections on the following guiding questions:
1) believe that the description of Tocqueville's "an innumerable multitude equals of men, intent only to obtain small and vulgar pleasures with which to satisfy their desires "is still relevant today? what aspects you think are little or not at all shared?
2) Tocqueville seems to despise the" neutral "or the" masses " anonymous. What has the foundation, do you think this review so drastic?
3) on your personal experience you've ever felt this "tyranny"? did you ever feel overwhelmed by the will of the majority of your peers (classmates, friends, acquaintances) who does things where you do not recognize?

"The form of oppression by which democratic peoples are threatened not rassomiglierà to those that preceded it in the world , our contemporaries non ne potranno trovare l'immagine nei loro ricordi. Invano anch'io cerco un'espressione che riproduca e contenga esattamente l'idea che me ne sono fatto, poiché le antiche parole dispotismo e tirannide non le convengono affatto. La cosa è nuova, bisogna tentare di definirla, poiché non è possibile indicarla con un nome.
Se cerco di immaginarmi il nuovo aspetto che il dispotismo potrà avere nel mondo, vedo una folla innumerevole di uomini eguali , intenti solo a procurarsi piaceri piccoli e volgari, con i quali soddisfare i loro desideri . Ognuno di essi, tenendosi da parte, è quasi estraneo al destino di tutti gli altri : i suoi figli for him and his friends formed the whole human species as the rest of his countrymen, he is close to, but does not see them, touch them but not feel them at all, he lives in himself and for himself, and if the remains still a family, we can say that has no homeland.
Over and above them rises an immense power and protect , who only undertakes to insure their property and watch over their fate. It is absolute , detailed, regular, provident and mild. resemble paternal authority if, as it was intended to prepare men for manhood, while tries to fix irrevocably in childhood , love that people have fun, they do not think that a good time. She enjoys work with their welfare, but he wants to be the only agent and controller; ensure their safety and to ensure their needs, facilitates their pleasures, is their main business, directs their industry, regulates their successions, divide their inheritance, it could not remove them entirely the trouble of thinking and the pain of living? So every day it makes
less necessary and more rare use of free will , restricts the action of the will in the smallest space and takes away little by little even the use of every citizen of himself. Equality has prepared men for these things, willing to endure them and often consider it as a benefit.
So, after taking from time to time in his powerful hands every individual and it is formed in its own way, the king extends his arm the whole society, it covers the surface with a network of small complicated rules, minute and uniform, through which even the most original and vigorous spirits do not know how to shine and rise above the mass, it does not break the will, but softens, bends the head and, rarely forced to act, but continually strives to prevent action is taken, not destroy, but prevents you from creating, not tyrannize directly, but it hinders, compresses, wear out, extinguished, then reducing the nation to being nothing more than a herd of timid and industrious animals, of which the government is the shepherd.
I have always believed that this species of servitude settled and quiet, which I have described, could be combined with images is better than some of the outward forms of freedom and that it is impossible for it to be established even in the shadow of popular sovereignty .
Our contemporaries are constantly fatigued by two contrary passions: they feel the need to be guided and wish to remain free, not being able to prevail over one another, strive to reconcile them: imagine a unique power, protect, and powerful, but elected by the public, combined with the centralization of popular sovereignty. This gives them a kind of relief console themselves that they are under protection of thinking they have chosen their own guardians. Each individual bears to feel connected, because it thinks it is not a man or a class, but the entire nation to hold the rope that binds him.
In this system the city comes a time dependence to elect the master and soon after you fall. "
A. de Tocqueville, Democracy in America , edited by G. Candeloro, Rizzoli, Milano 1996, pp. 732 -33.

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Sociological Laboratory, 3: Auguste Comte

celebrated in these pages are taken from the positive philosophy Course (1830-42), describes the famous Comte law of three stages. Comte believes, namely that the historical development of mankind, like the individual moved from a '"childhood" (corresponding to the level of theological -dummy) to a "youth" (abstract-metaphysical stage ) up to adulthood (positive or scientific stage ). Each of them corresponds to a specific mode of knowledge.
After reading the passage, explain the text by answering the following questions:
1) at what stage of human development si cercano le leggi oggettive dei fenomeni attraverso l'osservazione?
2) Comte afferma che lo sviluppo dell'intelligenza umana è soggetto a una legge "per necessità invariabile". Che cosa intende con tale espressione?
3) Comte afferma che lo stadio metafisico non trasforma in modo sostanziale la conoscenza propria dello stadio teologico. In che senso?
4) Perché lo stadio positivo rappresenta la fase "adulta" dell'intelligenza?

5) Comte ritiene di aver scoperto la legge fondamentale della storia umana. Anche Marx, quasi negli stessi anni, riteneva di aver individuato nel materialismo storico la legge che governa la storia. Che differenza c'è fra le due scoperte?

"To properly explain the true nature and character of the philosophy it is necessary to cast a positive overview of the gradual process of the human spirit as any doctrine can be known better when you know the story.
so studying the development of 'human intelligence in its various spheres of activity, from the first event to this day, I think I discovered a great fundamental law, to which it is subject to invariable need and which can be precisely defined with rational proof is derived from knowledge of our organization, both with the historical verification result of a careful examination of the past.
This law is that each of our core area, each area of \u200b\u200bour knowledge, passes successively through three different stages: the stage theological or fictitious, the metaphysical or abstract stage; the positive or scientific stage. In other words, the human spirit by its nature, strive after, in all its research, three methods of philosophizing, whose character is essentially different and even opposite: at the theological method, then the metaphysical, and finally the positive method . Since there are three types of source philosophy or views on all the general phenomena, which are mutually exclusive: the first is the necessary starting point of intelligence umana, il terzo la sua sistemazione definitiva e fissa, il secondo vale soltanto come momento di passaggio.
Nello stadio teologico lo spirito umano indirizza essenzialmente le sue ricerche verso la natura intima delle cose, le cause prime e le cause ultime di tutti gli effetti che lo colpiscono, in una parola, verso le conoscenze assolute e si rappresenta i fenomeni come prodotti dall’azione diretta e continua di agenti sovrannaturali piú o meno numerosi, il cui arbitrario intervento dà ragione di tutte le contraddizioni apparenti dell’universo.
Nello stadio metafisico, che non è in fondo se non una semplice modificazione generale del precedente, gli agenti sovrannaturali sono sostituiti da forze astratte, vere entità inerenti the different beings in the world and conceived as capable of making themselves all the observed phenomena, the explanation is, therefore, to assign to each the corresponding entity. Finally
stadium positive human spirit by recognizing the impossibility of achieving absolute waiver of the terms to look for the source and fate of the universe and intimate knowledge of the causes of phenomena, to devote himself solely to discover, using appropriately combined of reasoning and observation, their actual laws, that is their invariable relations of succession and likeness. The explanation of the facts, thus reduced in its real terms, is nothing now that the bond place between different particular phenomena and some general facts, hence stem the progress of science tends to decrease the number of laws [...]
Ordunque, if the positive philosophy is the true final state of intelligence human, that state towards which it has always been more intensely stretched, however, it was obliged to employ at the beginning and during a long succession of centuries as a method or as a provisional doctrine, philosophy, theology, philosophy, whose character is d ' be spontaneous, and therefore the only possible source, the only one that can also offer to our spirits rising a sufficient interest. It is now very easy realize that this philosophy to move from provisional to final philosophy, the human spirit had naturally adopted as a transitional philosophy, methods and metaphysical doctrines. The latter consideration is required to complete the brief general information on the great law that I proposed. "

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Sociological Laboratory, 2: Karl Marx

The following text is taken from Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 of Marx, published posthumously in 1932. The passage illustrates an important sociological concept that we studied in class, or the alienation of labor in the capitalist world. We have learned, in fact, that in previous modes of production l'alienazione era assente: c'era sì la schiavitù, la servitù, la subordinazione, il vassallaggio, lo sfruttamento, il disprezzo della vita umana: ma non c'era quel fenomeno tipico del capitalismo che è l'alienazione. Marx poi svilupperà in modo più "scientifico" queste sue tesi nei celeberrimi tre libri del Capitale .

Marx parte da un'affermazione che sarà poi caratteristica del suo materialismo storico : "noi partiamo dall'economia politica, da un fatto presente". Il materialismo storico parte cioè da quello che accade veramente, dalle concrete condizioni materiali di esistenza degli uomini, dal loro lavoro , Not what should be (typical of the utopian socialist Saint-Simon). The question that then arises is: why the worker, as Marx writes, is foreign to the product of his labor? This seems to hide the "secret" of capitalism: it works better the more the workers are "alienated" from what they do, with devastating consequences, both psychological and individual than on society.
In discussing this text, I remind you that when Marx wrote these pages do not exist:
- unemployment benefits;
- layoffs and other "social"
- Welfare State.

"We start from a fact of political economy, a fact this .
The worker becomes all the poorer the more wealth he produces, the more his production increases in power and extension. The worker becomes a commodity the more vile the greater the amount of goods it produces. The devaluation of the human world grows in direct relation with the enhancement the world of things. The work not only produces goods, produces itself and the worker as a commodity , and just in the same proportion in which it produces commodities generally.
This fact does not make more than this: the object that produces the work, the product of labor is opposed to it as a be foreign, as an independent power by the person who produces it. The product of labor is work that is fixed to an object, has become one thing, it 's objectification of labor. The completion of the work is its objectification. This realization of the work appears in the stage of the private economy as a cancellation of the worker, objectification appear as loss and enslavement object, the appropriation as estrangement as alienation.
The implementation of the work presents itself as a cancellation in such a way that is canceled until the worker to die of hunger. The objectification loss of the object is presented as such so that the worker is robbed of items needed not only to life but also for the job. Already, the work itself becomes an object of which he is able to seize only with the greatest effort and with the most irregular interruptions. The appropriation of the object appears as estrangement in such a way that many more objects the worker produces, the less he can possess and the more it ends up under the dominion of his product, of capital. All these consequences are implicit in the determination that the worker finds himself compared to product of his labor as compared with a foreign object . Indeed, based on this assumption it is clear that the more the worker is consumed in the work, the more powerful becomes the alien world, objectively, that he created before, the more he becomes poor, let alone his inner world belong to him. The same is true in religion. The more things a man moves in God, the less he believes in himself. The worker puts his life in the subject, but henceforth his life no longer belongs to him, but the object. The greater this activity, therefore, the more the worker is no object. What is the product of his work, not himself. How much greater then is this product, the smaller is himself. L ' alienation of the worker in his product means not only that his work becomes an object, something that exists to' outside, but that it exists outside him, independent of him, alien to him, and before he becomes a power to stand alone means that the life he has given the subject matter, is opposed to the hostile and alien. "
K. Marx, Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 , trans. com.'s N. Bobbio, Einaudi, Torino 1970, pp. 71-72.

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Let's talk about garbage, the real one ...

Another episode of the controversy between Silvio Berlusconi and Annozero. During the press conference after the meeting about the waste of TG3 journalist takes the microphone to ask a question and is presented with its name and head, the Prime Minister interrupted: "The TG3? What does not exist, according to some broadcasts Rai, right? ". The journalist is forbidden for a moment, while a colleague explains the reference of the premier Annozero last night showed the tables with the various news broadcasts and Rai, not to mention the TG3. Meanwhile Bertolaso \u200b\u200bspoke: "Let's talk about garbage, the real one, which is better."

Va Bene!! Parliamo del governo !

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BERSANI : senza di noi non c'è alternativa a Berlusconi

Non saremo utili idioti per nessuno.

«Chi maltratta il pd rifletta, perché rischia di tenersi Berlusconi, senza di noi non va a casa. Il Pd è pronto a discutere con tutti, a seguire tutti i passaggi... ma non a fare la salmeria, non saremo utili idioti di un progetto di qualcun altro: abbiamo il fisico per esser il traino dell'alternativa».

Mai più l'Unione.

"There will never be a mechanism such as the Union, which is unable to keep promises." Never again, he insisted, a coalition like the one in which "some of your ally, while the government was the only thing for the North as the tax wedge and the infrastructure, put his finger in the eye in terms of moral judgments with respect to small business' .

New Olive Tree is the alternative.

"An alliance for democracy, to protect the democratic rules, the new olive tree is the heart of the proposed alternative government. Does not refer to the union and not prices. "

Bossi e Berlusconi hanno tradito il Nord.

«Non è vero che siamo stranieri al nord. Abbiamo delle responsabilità ma il sogno e il progetto di Bossi e Berlusconi sono falliti. Il nord è stato tradito così come l'intera Italia è stata tradita. Il sogno di liberare l'energia del nord affinchè si liberasse l'intero paese è fallito. Questo è stato un danno enorme per l'Itali che si è mano mano allontanata dai grandi processi di modernizzazione»..

Federalismo: per servizi migliori.

«La prendiamo noi in mano questa bandiera of federalism, but in our key objectives to achieve new progress in services. "

The UDC is said opposition .

The UDC defines the opposition and the new olive must speak with all the opposition forces ... But this alliance, first of all you should give it to Italy, we must break the glass ceiling in politics and society, it's up to us to open a gap. "

Talk king of mess is to damage.

"The electoral law is central: how to choose the 35-36% of votes, to take all including a majority in the Chambers met to elect a head of state. We are talking about this stuff here. When we make too much sophistry, "the transitional government, yes, but ..." try to understand what is at stake. If we spread the idea that there is an invincible yearning for the mess, to compromise, we do damage. "

tax reforms, highlight the point.

The tax reform is "an urgency, a highlight of our operation," while the government had "done nothing". Compared with the center-left governments, "perhaps we had not drawn a line rather clear in its communication, that everything must be reflected in what you take from escaping in mobility. And then there is work, reduce the workload of the company, the family with children. "

Immigration: fairness and rationality.

"We must find an idea that does not swing, do not want to be good but rational. A country that wants to grow must have a quota of immigrants. The phenomenon has benefits but also problems and discord. It is possible that the benefits should be all on one side and all the disorders of the low-end population. If you can not get a poor man who pays another poor. We must have a project that has humanity, fairness and rationality. "

We are a party, not a union.

"I do not want to pass the idea that the Democratic Party is with this or that. We are a party, not a union. " The Secretary expressed his solidarity Bonanni and CISL ("Do not tolerate aggression"), but with equal clarity explains how the Democratic Party is not the same in any unions.

In turn there is fear of the dossier. I have none.

"If there are files around I do not know, but there fear around, I did not, but there is fear around, not only in Rome, a fear that goes down through the branches. "

transitional government.

"We are ready for a transitional government that changed the electoral law and so that we can go to elections, looking forward and not traccheggiando. For this we must turn to all the forces involved in securing the Italian democracy "

Berlusconi, most dangerous phase.

Enough, says Bersani, "sophistry", there is a risk of a 'plebiscite results' and stop the Democratic Party should be ready for an "alliance for democracy" by "those around us." And he warns: Silvio Berlusconi 'relaunch, perhaps up to topple some of our constitutional pillar, it will be a gala dinner. We are not over Berlusconi, we are the second time and is the most dangerous phase. It will not go drinking a cup of tea, but prefer to "die with all the Philistines Samson" "

Party talk about himself.

"The newspapers are filled with a party of chattering to itself rather than a problem in Italy is full."

Rispettiamoci.

The PD is not enough "respect", it will be soon but as long as "we respect between us." The Secretary of the Democratic Party Pier Luigi Bersani said the final report by opening the Democratic National Assembly: "It was a good meeting, we have a nice party. If they convince you. Of course, we are not respected enough, do not respect us enough friends, enemies ... it says about us all, I wake up in the morning and learned that I have done things that I've never even thought of. But I guarantee you we'll get there 'than I am, calmly and plaster, will respect us. " "The only condition - warning - is that there respect us. If we respect we are sure they will respect us. And here we met .

http://www.unita.it/news/italia/104434/bersani_berlusconimo_alla_fase_pi_pericolosa

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Laboratory sociological, 1: Saint-Simon

With this post begins sociological laboratory in Class 3BP , with the aim of the texts and discuss the main issues we will encounter in the course of sociology and start a more active and less pedantic study of this fascinating subject.

The following text is the author to study for tomorrow, or Claude-Henri de Rouvroy, Count of Saint-Simon , unique and eccentric figure forerunner of positivism, functionalism and, notoriously, of utopian socialism.
The manual guide says "Saint-Simon has a conception organicistic , based on analogy with living organisms. The company is not a mere aggregate of living beings, each acting on his behalf but a real organized machine, whose parts contribute in their own way to the functioning of the whole "( Sociology Today, p. 138).
Let us see a little 'what is best in this" organismic conception "of Saint-Simon and what it means in practice. I think it's useful to read an excerpt from "The organisateur" (Organizer), a series of files written between 1819 and 1820 in which Saint-Simon speaks directly to his audience. The sociologist A. Accornero wrote that "the industrial society really comes to life with this proud little book, which is the apotheosis of doing, produce, benefit, value and all those who" are truly the jewel of the company "" .

From "The organisateur" by Claude-Henri de Saint-Simon

"Suppose that France suddenly lost his fifty best physicists, chemists, physiologists, mathematicians, poets, painters, sculptors, musicians, writers ; its fifty best mechanics, engineers and military gunners, architects, doctors, surgeons, pharmacists, sailors, watchmakers, and his fifty best bankers, its best two hundred merchants, its best six hundred farmers, its fifty best blacksmiths , dealers, tanners, dyers, miners, manufacturers of clothing, from cotton, silk, paintings, knickknacks, pottery and porcelain, crystal and glass, his fifty top owners, its fifty best transportation agencies, her fifty best printers, engravers, goldsmiths and other specialists in metalworking, and his fifty best masons, carpenters, joiners, blacksmiths, serraturai, knife, smelters, and hundreds of other people of different conditions, the most skilled in the sciences, fine arts, arts and crafts which added together make up the three thousand top scientists, artists and artisans of France.
Because these men are among all the French producers most essential, those that provide the most important products, those who direct the work more useful to the nation, and that makes production in the sciences, in the fine arts, arts and crafts, they are truly the flower of French society, the French are most useful to their country, which provide more glories, let you move more quickly on the path of civilization and prosperity, at the same time where should lose, the nation would become a body without a soul, would fall immediately into a state of inferiority against nations with which now rivals, and they remain lower until it had been rectified with this loss, until a new head had not grown back.
to rebuild from a disaster like France would need at least an entire generation, as individuals capable to distinguish themselves in the work of a positive utility are real exceptions, and nature is not generous with exceptions, especially of this type then. And now we do another hypothesis.
admit that France retains all men of genius who has in the sciences, fine arts, arts and crafts, but have the misfortune of losing the same day, Mr. King's brother, the Duke of Angouleme, the Duke of Berry, the Duc d'Orléans, Duke of Bourbon, the Duchess of Angouleme, the Duchess of Berry, the Duchess of Orleans, the Duchess of Bourbon, and Mademoiselle de Conde. And at the same time lose all the great officers of the crown, all Ministers of State (with or without portfolio), all directors of the State, all the dignitaries, marshals all his, all his cardinals, archbishops, bishops, vicars and canons large, all the prefects, sub-prefect, employees in ministries, judges, and also ten thousand richest owners among those who live like nobility.
This fact certainly afflict the French, who are people of good heart, unable to assist with indifference to the sudden disappearance of so many of their compatriots. But this loss of three thousand people, considered the most important state, and give them a purely emotional pain, are not in fact any political damage for the state. First, it would be easy to fill the vacancy; many Frenchmen would be able to exercise the functions of the brother of the King of Monsieur as well, many would be able to fill the post with equal dignity of Prince of the Duke of Berry, the Duke of Orleans, the Duke of Bourbon, and many French princesses would be very good, neither more nor less than the Duchess of Angouleme, the Duchesse de Berry, Madame d'Orleans, Bourbon Condé.
The corridors of the royal palace are full of courtiers ready to take the places of great officers of the crown, many officers in the army militate equally capable in command of our current marshals.
And how many employees are worth our ministri di Stato! Quanti amministratori sono in grado di gestire gli affari dei dipartimenti molto meglio dei prefetti e sottoprefetti oggi in carica!
Quanti avvocati, buoni giuristi come i nostri giudici! Quanti parroci hanno le medesime capacità dei nostri cardinali, arcivescovi, vescovi, grandi vicari, canonici!
Quanto poi ai diecimila proprietari che vivono come i nobili, i loro eredi non avranno certo bisogno di un lungo apprendistato per emularli nell'arte di fare gli onori di casa. Solo i progressi delle scienze, delle belle arti e delle arti e mestieri possono assicurare la prosperità della Francia; ora i prìncipi, i grandi ufficiali della corona, i vescovi, i marescialli di Francia, i prefetti e i proprietari oziosi non lavorano affatto al progresso delle scienze, delle belle arti, delle arti e mestieri; lungi dal contribuirvi non possono che nuocere ad esso, giacché fanno di tutto per prolungare il predominio sinora esercitato dalle teorie congetturali sulle scienze positive; essi nuocciono necessariamente alla prosperità della nazione privando, come stanno facendo, del più alto grado di considerazione che loro compete legittimamente, gli scienziati, gli artisti, gli artigiani; essi vi nuocciono poiché impiegano i loro patrimoni in modi non direttamente utili alle scienze, alle belle arti, alle arti e mestieri; vi nuocciono poiché prelevano ogni anno sulle imposte pagate dalla nazione una somma da tre a quattrocento milioni, sotto forma di stipendi, pensions, gratuities, allowances, etc.., as a benefit of their activities entirely useless to the nation.
These assumptions highlight the most important fact of the current policy, and allow you to catch a glance in its full extent, they clearly demonstrate, albeit indirectly, how little has improved the social organization; how men let themselves be driven by more violence and cunning, and how the human species (politically speaking) is still steeped in immorality.
As scientists, artists and artisans, from which the company only gets positive utility, and that does not cost hardly anything, are in posizione subalterna rispetto ai prìncipi e agli altri governanti, i quali per parte loro non fanno che uniformarsi, con maggiore o minore incapacità, alle consuetudini.
Poiché i dispensatori degli onori e delle altre ricompense nazionali devono generalmente la loro posizione di predominio soltanto al caso della nascita, alle lusinghe, all'intrigo e ad altre azioni poco stimabili. Poiché coloro cui compete l'amministrazione dei pubblici affari spartiscono fra di loro ogni anno la metà del gettito delle imposte, e non impiegano nemmeno un terzo dei contributi, di cui non si sono impadroniti personalmente, in cose utili agli amministrati. Queste ipotesi dimostrano come l'attuale società sia veramente il mondo alla rovescia. Poiché the nation has accepted as a fundamental principle that states that the poor must prove generous to the rich, and hence the lower classes every day to give up a part of the need to increase the surplus of landlords. Since the worst offenders, thieves in general, those who squeeze all citizens and rob them of every three or four hundred million years, then have the task of punishing minor offenses against society. Because ignorance, superstition, laziness, love of expensive pleasures are the prerogative of the supreme leaders of society, and capable individuals, investors, works are used only in subordinate functions, as mere tools. Since
in ogni tipo di attività, in una parola, sono gli uomini incapaci ad essere incaricati di dare ordini a quelli capaci; dal punto di vista morale, a quelli più immorali viene richiesto di educare i cittadini alla virtù; e da quello della giustizia distributiva, ai grandi rei viene affidata la massima autorità per punire le colpe dei delinquenti minori.
Sebbene questo estratto sia assai breve, ci sembra di aver sufficientemente dimostrato che il corpo politico era ammalato; che la sua malattia era grave e pericolosa; che esso non poteva contrarne di peggiore, dal momento che ne era colpito contemporaneamente nelle sue parti e nell'insieme".

Letto tutto con attenzione? Bene, adesso comincia il vostro confronto critico, which comprises:
- in assessing the social proposal of Saint-Simon (makes sense? feasible? is today?)
- in dealing with this situation (it is right that those who work and produce have more weight than those who are "unproductive"? is evaluated here as the "productivity" of a social group? what we do for those who are judged "incapable"?)
- in critical consideration of the proposed social organization, formulating a sensible opinion on it (the reasons for agreement or disagreement, avoiding purely subjective considerations such as "I like / I do not like") for a country's worse to lose all its scientists and its contractors and all its politicians and Church?

place then your comment (with your name, please, do not accept anonymous comments!) By clicking on "comments" at the bottom of the post ( "Choose an identity" -> select " Name / URL "-> type name: when you are sure, confirm by clicking on" Publish Post ). If you performed the operation correctly read a message that tells you that your comments have been posted and is awaiting approval of the owner (that would be me) blog. After being approved (non-public post silly or vulgar), then read your comments and will include some observations, which you can respond, whether you consider it appropriate.

Good job.
Alessandro Bellan

Braces Wax Poisonous?

Marchionne rules and ethics of Berlinguer

for anyone if it were lost

of Eugenio Scalfari
The Marchionne spoke in Rimini the meeting of Communion and Liberation did not say great news compared to the Pomigliano Marchionne. Moreover since then nothing has happened of relevance that had not already been provided: the global car market continues to lose shots in the West (and win in major country markets emergenti); la Fiat è una delle imprese più penalizzate sia sul mercato italiano sia su quello europeo; la stessa Fiat tuttavia vende in Italia circa il 40 per cento del suo prodotto e quindi in Italia ci deve restare, che lo voglia oppure no, ed anche le più massicce de-localizzazioni non possono cancellare con un tratto di penna tutti gli stabilimenti italiani e la manodopera che ci lavora.Questa situazione è nota da un pezzo, fin da quando due anni fa Marchionne lanciò l'operazione Chrysler con l'accordo dei suoi azionisti, del presidente americano Barack Obama e dei sindacati di Detroit. Non tutti i commentatori capirono che non era la Fiat a conquistare la Chrysler ma viceversa: la Fiat si aggrappava alla Chrysler, anch'essa in stato pre-agonico, to make a force of two weaknesses. This was the program that Marchionne on the other hand was also honest in admitting this verità.Previde - and said so - that Fiat could spin off car production from the rest of the group formed a new company, which took place as planned . Since then there have been no new activities:
Marchionne had previously declared that he was working in a new era of globalized economy, he used the image "after Christ" also well become new famosa.Di there was in fact the translation of this program, Pomigliano, Termini Imerese, in Melfi and partly to Mirafiori. The referendum in Pomigliano, the new company now owns the plant, la resistenza della Fiom-Cgil, lo sciopero di Melfi, i tre licenziati, il ricorso al Tar e il loro reintegro, la decisione della Fiat di non riammetterli al lavoro in attesa del secondo grado di giudizio, l'intervento del presidente Napolitano e il suo auspicio di superare l'incidente con spirito di equità in attesa della sentenza definitiva. Infine il Marchionne di Rimini . A Rimini l'amministratore delegato della Fiat ha esposto con la massima chiarezza alcuni suoi "mantra".

1. L'economia globalizzata impone che l'aumento di produttività nei paesi opulenti sia molto più elevato di quanto negli ultimi trent'anni non sia avvenuto, per tenere il passo con quanto avviene nei paesi emergenti e non perdere altro terreno nei loro confronti.

2. La lotta di classe è finita perché non ci sono più classi.

3. La domanda di automobili in Occidente è molto diminuita ed è tuttora in calo, perciò bisogna concentrare la produzione in un numero limitato di imprese, riducendo il numero delle unità prodotte e aumentando la competitività.

4. I lavoratori debbono accettare nuove regole sulla flessibilità negli orari, sul ricorso allo sciopero, sulla struttura del salario e dei contratti.

5. La giurisdizione del lavoro dovrà, di conseguenza, essere aggiornata.

6. Forme di partecipazione dei workers to profit from increased productivity are desirable and should be encouraged.

7. The social partners should press governments to obtain new types of "welfare" appropriate to the new regole.Alcuni of these principles are reasonable and deserve to be discussed. Others have deeply reactionary inspiration. Also some striking omissions in this reasoning, the most obvious of which concerns the pay inequalities that have reached unacceptable levels. Marchionne may say that these issues do not affect its "playing field" but would deny this with the obvious: every person and every employee lives in a social context that can not be fragmented, is a global context and implies at the forefront the issue of rights and duties.

must recognize - and for me as I've written several times - that the global economy requires a transfer of welfare from poor and emerging affluent area. You can gradualizzare some extent this process, but it is pointless to try to stop it. The transfer can take place in various ways. One of them is immigration from poor affluent area, another is the de-localization of production and capital in the opposite direction, another is the search for similar transfers of social welfare within the opulent rich and poor classes of classes, accompanied by more intense pace of productivity in poor areas so that their social dynamic offset the areas ricche.Siamo that - and certainly not by choice - in front of a giant planet-sized social rehabilitation, during which we must take steady the bar on two fundamental rights: freedom and equality. The restructuring of social fact of such proportions as to endanger those two rights. That may give rise to authoritarian forms of government the illusion that only that way you can govern social processes, and can also lead to unacceptable discrimination in terms of equality. Unfortunately in Italy there is a danger to load the burden of restructuring the most vulnerable social and wounded in this way both the equality and freedom.

During the meeting in Rimini, the day before Marchionne spoke Giulio Tremonti. A large discourse, economy, finance and politics. Tremonti's intervention has been widely reported in the newspapers and there will come back on, but there is a point that interests me here to take: When the economy minister spoke of austerity in mind that in years gone by that notion was supported by Enrico Berlinguer, who proposed to make the cornerstone of a new economic policy. It is true, Berlinguer saw with thirty years before the great social reorganization that was coming, it took some implicazioni che riguardavano la politica e le istituzioni, decise di orientare in modo nuovo la politica del suo partito affinché si ponesse alla guida di quel riassetto.Non fu soltanto Berlinguer a imboccare quella strada. Nel Pci a favore d'una politica di austerità si schierò Giorgio Amendola, nel sindacato Luciano Lama, negli altri partiti Ugo La Malfa, Riccardo Lombardi, Antonio Giolitti, Gino Giugni e Giorgio Ruffolo, Bruno Visentini. Nella Dc, Ezio Vanoni e Pasquale Saraceno. Insomma la sinistra di governo e la sinistra di opposizione. Il richiamo di Tremonti è stato dunque molto opportuno: la sinistra, quella sinistra, aveva capito in anticipo i tempi e le crisi che si addensavano e ne vide le conseguenze sulla società italiana.Tremonti but did not make explicit the meaning of that position. Berlinguer wanted it left to lead the impending social rehabilitation, to ensure that not only were the weakest classes to pay the cost. This aspect of the problem has been obscured by our Minister of Economy and is instead the key issue. If you need to implement a comprehensive institutional modernization and a transfer of welfare from wealthy economies to emerging ones, if such a massive reorganization can not be separated from a similar restructuring in affluent areas, it is clear that the weak should participate in very front row for this operation. The middle classes and lower-middle can not be the subject of the reorganization social without being at the same time the main soggetto.Questo is the missing analysis of Tremonti and Marchionne has conspicuously failed as failed Marcegaglia. The entire meeting in Rimini has been silent on this point: all the more glaring omission in what happened on one occasion sponsored by a major Catholic communities, complete with a papal blessing and attendance cardinals. Nor is it acceptable that such a blatant omission is justified by the argument that the political aspect does not affect traders and imprenditori.Grave error: the political economy has as its central theme of ethics, that the rights and duty, the happiness and unhappiness, the giustizia e del privilegio. Una Comunità cattolica dovrebbe mettere al centro delle sue riflessioni questo tema e porlo ai suoi ospiti. Se non lo fa, diventa una lobby come in effetti Cl è da tempo diventata .

Da : http://www.repubblica.it/

Episode Vegeta X Bulma

no home, no work. It's easy to say, thirty years

Si fa presto a dire “trent’anni” vissuti in un paese di stragi, e stragisti. In una nazione che ha lenìto, solo con funerali e giornalisti e sindacalisti, il dolore delle vittime. Col collega che ci ha lasciato sua figlia, sul primo binario, e dava di matto, all’epoca. Coi magistrati da soli, in prima linea. Si fa presto a dire trent’anni with a subtle fear that overcame you each time you take a train towards the Apennines, with the obsessive care to avoid the waiting room, and buying a newspaper to read, on the journey, not to think about it too. It's easy to say that work, thirty years, a company in which are forgotten in the copier with a copy of the manual to join the venerable Mason, and you see above and turn heads with confusion swirling Capetti, renovation of sites and functions, a logic that responds to everything except the welfare of the client, and work. Without an apparent logic, except that while the IRS collects us less, because the company is restructured without end. It's easy to say that young people today have no future. If you are studying abroad, or else to remain living with parents without work, while we we had. Yes, but what work? Alice saw fellow students continue their studies with scholarships given to children of professionals, who reported incomes lower than those of his parents and employees. No one knew thirty years ago? or was it a way, too, to encourage, as now, the children of certain social classes? It's easy to say thirty years, lived in a country where to find the house is impossible, if not to jeopardize their lives for decades, only to see that instead they make the houses, and eat the grass around it, every year hundreds of hectares, and are empty thousands already made, because no one wants to fix it. For thirty years. Alice had two parents, with whom he often had to run to the emergency room - they were old and sick - and every time we remained eight hours in a row, patient complaints and also surrounded by blood, as in third-world thriller, only to be told yes, the place was, but not in the specialist clinic, but in geriatrics or general medicine, where every time he saw kids graduating who did not know where to put their hands. And every time she had to instruct them, medical history, allergies, because the card each time the patient was thrown. Or the database was different from one hospital to the other, and nobody knew nulla dell’altro. Eppure era anche contenta, perché nel suo paese, molto spesso, andava anche peggio. Molto peggio. Per trent’anni Alice ha vissuto in un luogo dove hanno deciso che Privato era meglio che Pubblico, e invece di controllare gli appalti, come un privato farebbe per prima cosa, si son cominciati a contare i minuti che occorrono per fare la Tac, oppure l’eco, o anche le visite, perché bisognava produrre ricchezza. Anche nella salute occorre evitare gli sprechi, e la cura dei vecchi è uno spreco, rende poco, anzi, non rende. Nel paese di Alice ci vogliono mesi per ottenere una licenza, di qualsiasi genere, ma occorrono minuti per venir derubati sull’autobus, se solo non tieni in bocca la borsa. Ci vogliono weeks to get the medical records, but the exorbitant bills to pay now everywhere, and if they cut off two months later, a light gas and water. If you need to enroll your child in a school in a long time, six months before you sign up, but when he gets there, just a week to know that the money for toilet paper are not there, and they also have to pay immediately. If you decide to have a child, and if not born in normal times, you also have to pay to go abroad, to shell out millions because of Alice's life in the country is governed only at birth, not after. After you can go to war - by volunteers, of course, and unemployment that beats is a good ground for volunteers - and after you can expose them to uranium depleted, you can let them die on the streets on Saturday evening, you can let them die in a foundry, or on rooftops, even for drugs, ignorant, uneducated, and easy prey for drug dealers hungry, let them die like this ... in this country. Every so often we have a start, we look around and see them dazed, at the sides of the streets of major cities, holding a beer at ten o'clock in the morning, and we ask ourselves: Who am I? Alice, in her country, after thirty years, he feels discomfort: he strikes, the struggles involved, volunteer, he shouted, in hospital wards, he gritted his teeth, has long debt for its roof, fought thirty years to get a better quality. Ma sente fastidio, oggi sente fastidio. Farà la sua parte, ancora, e di nuovo, ma non riesce più ad ascoltare chi finora l’ha fatta vivere così. Le viene la rogna, a sentire certi paroloni: secessione, presidenzialismo, de-localizzazione, tangentopoli, piduisti, pidiellisti, falchi, padanie, appaltopoli, grilli di qua e valori di là, deflazioni, speculazioni, inflazioni, globalizzazioni, sub-prime e finanziarizzazione. Le viene la rogna, a sentire questi tiggì che parlano solo degli altri, di quelli che, eletti al governo, fanno finta, finta di tutto. Fanno finta che lei non esista: qui sta il punto vero. Nel suo paese è successo di tutto, in trent’anni. È mancata solo una cosa: la dignità of living, of building something in a reasonable time, meeting the needs decent answers, the lift in the morning without thinking: which casino-obstacle-problem-insult I have to overcome today?

by: http://www.unita.it/news/italia/102410/niente_casa_niente_lavoro_si_fa_presto_a_dire_trentanni

Is A 10 Inch Dobsonian A Good Scope

commercials on TV too much fat and sugar







If you were to follow the advice commercials aired on television, you would end up eating too much fat, sugar and salt. Explain it in an article published in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Michael Mink and colleagues at Armstrong Atlantic State University.

According to the authors of the study, the ubiquity of television in America makes it a potential key factor in creating an environment "obesogenic", that promotes obesity. The commercials on TV are in fact a proposal for a diet. Da queste considerazioni nasce l'idea di paragonare il contenuto nutrizionale dei cibi proposti dalla pubblicità con le linee guida sull'alimentazione.
A questo scopo sono state analizzate 84 ore di programmazione mandate in onda in prima serata e il sabato mattina durante l'autunno del 2004. Dal test è emerso che un'alimentazione basata sui cibi offerti dagli spot avrebbe 25 volte il valore di zucchero consigliato, 20 volte quello di grassi e solo il 40% delle porzioni di verdura ottimali, il 32% di latticini e il 27% di frutta. Nel complesso il menu giornaliero risulterebbe troppo ricco in proteine, grassi, grassi saturi, colesterolo e sodio, e povero in carboidrati, fibre, vitamine A, E e D, acido pantotenico, ferro, fosforo, calcio, magnesium, copper and potassium.
In fact, a hypothesis which finds some confirmation is that advertising changes consumer preferences. A study has shown, for example, this appears persuasive promotions aimed at children, especially when they use the most famous cartoon characters. The research was led by Chris Roberts and colleagues at Yale University, and published on the number of Pediatrics, 21 June. It was found that children in the age group 4-6 years are the most delicious cookies, candies and even the carrots when they are printed on the package recognizable characters like Dora, Scooby Doo and Shrek. For example, in the case of biscuits, 55% of children said that those with the character had a better taste, compared with 37% who chose the answer "same taste" and 7% who preferred to those without character. The results for the marshmallows to the fruit were similar, while in the case of carrots showed a less marked preference.
In both cases, the study ends with an appeal to the regulation of advertising of foods with a high-calorie and low nutritional value.

Source: Nutritional imbalance
Endorsed by televised food advertisements. Mink M, Evans A, Moore CG, Calderon KS, S. Deger J Am Diet Assoc.J Am Diet Assoc. 2010 Jun; 110 (6) :904-10.